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Body Water- Percentage and Ratios You Should Know

Updated: May 7

When it comes to your health, most of the focus is on your levels of body fat and muscle mass, which is important. But not to be overlooked is your body water. Body water, and not your muscle or fat, makes up the largest percentage of body weight. Let’s learn more about this very important element of the human body.


What is Body Water?

Body water is the amount of water content found in the human body. Up to 60% of the human body contains water.


Nearly all of your body’s major systems depend on water to function properly. Water helps:


  • regulate internal body temperature

  • carry oxygen and nutrients

  • lubricate joints

  • flush out waste products

  • dissolve minerals and nutrients

  • protect organs and tissues


What should your body water percentage be?

The healthy range within a person is influenced by your age, sex, and fitness level.

When we are born, we are almost 80% water. By the time we reach our first birthday that number drops to about 65%.


A major influence on our body is the amount of fatty tissue and lean body mass that we carry. Lean tissue carries much more body water than fat mass.


Body Water Percentage in adult men & women

Adult women naturally have more body fat than adult men so they will carry less body water because fat tissue contains less water than lean body mass.


The average adult man will be about 60% water compared to the average adult woman that will be about 55% water. If you are physically active, that number will increase depending on your lean tissue. Men and women with high percent body fat will have a higher body water percentage.


Which organs in the human body have more water?

Almost every cell in your body contains water: body water makes up 79% of your muscles, 73% of your brain, and even 31% of your bones.


Overall your total body weight can be 45-65% water.


  • Brain and heart – 73%

  • Lungs – 83%

  • Skin – 64%

  • Muscles and kidneys – 79%


What is the ideal body water percentage? 

You might be wondering about the ideal body water percentage. Factors like aging, hormones, and your body composition will all impact your body water levels.

A better gauge of healthy body water levels is your ratio of extracellular fluid to your total body water. To understand what that means, we must first define your extracellular water and intracellular water.


What is extracellular water and intracellular water

As discussed above, your body water can be found inside not only in your blood, but in your muscle tissue, your body fat, your organs, and inside every cell in your body. To account for all this, your total body water (TBW) can be divided into two basic groups.


  • Extracellular Water (ECW)


Extracellular water is the water located outside your cells.  The water in your blood falls into this category. Roughly 1/3 of your fluid is attributed to ECW, and this water is found in your interstitial fluid, transcellular fluid, and blood plasma.


Extracellular water is important because it helps control the movement of electrolytes, allows oxygen delivery to the cells, and clears waste from metabolic processes.


  • Intracellular Water (ICW)


Intracellular water is the water located inside your cells.  It comprises 70% of the cytosol, which is a mix of water and other dissolved elements.  In healthy people, it makes up the other 2/3 of the water inside your body.


The intracellular water is the location of important cellular processes, and although it has many functions, a very important one is that it allows molecules to be transported to the different organelles inside the cell.  Essentially, the Intracellular water picks up where the Extracellular water left off by continuing the pathway for fuel to be transported to the cells.


What is a healthy water balance?

When it comes to your body water and you, the most important thing to strive for is balance. Your Intracellular fluid: Extracellular fluid must remain at the same levels with respect to each other.


A healthy distribution has been estimated at a 3:2 ratio of ICW: ECW. If your body water falls out of balance, this can signal changes in your health and body composition. Whether these changes are positive or negative depends on which type of water becomes unbalanced.


What does increased intracellular water (ICW) mean?

Having slightly more ICW than normal isn’t necessarily a bad thing. In fact, it can signal positive changes in your body composition. 


Increased muscle mass is due to the enlargement of the number and size of muscle cells.  When the muscle cells become enlarged, they are able to take in (and require) more ICW in order to power their cellular functions.  Research has shown that resistance exercise can lead to increased intracellular water in humans. Increased ICW as a result of exercise is a sign of increased Lean Body Mass, which is a very good thing and has positive health benefits, including:


  • Increased Energy Use


Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is the number of calories the human body burns at rest.  It is the baseline for the calories the human body needs every day to operate and maintain daily functions.


With increased Lean Body Mass, your energy needs will increase as a result of a higher BMR. If you don’t increase your daily calorie intake, but increase your Lean Body Mass/BMR, you will create a calorie deficit – which can lead to fat loss.


  • Increased Strength


Your Lean Body Mass is sometimes described as your fat-free mass.  Your Lean Body Mass accounts for all your weight due to water, muscle mass, bone, and protein.  One of the easiest ways to influence the amount of Lean Body Mass you have is to increase your muscle mass.  Generally, increased muscle mass leads to increased strength.


  • Increased Immune System


Increased Lean Body Mass through exercise has been associated with increased immune system functionality.  This will help your body fight off illnesses more easily.


What does excess extracellular water mean (ECW)?

If your ECW increases in relation to your ICW, this is something you should take special note of.  Unlike ICW, you do not want to see your ECW increasing beyond normal levels.


Excess ECW can indicate health risks, including:


  • Inflammation


During inflammation, the body sends additional blood flow to the damaged area.  This causes an increase in extracellular water in a particular area. Inflammation occurs when part of the body gets damaged or bruised and is a normal bodily response to injury.  This is called acute inflammation and is a temporary increase in ECW.


Chronic inflammation, however, is something more serious that isn’t always readily detected. It is marked by long-term swelling/ECW increases caused by cellular stress and dysfunction. Chronic inflammation can lead to serious diseases if allowed to persist over time, including renal failure, cancer, and heart disease. including renal failure, cancer, and heart disease.


  • Renal Disease (Kidney Failure)


One of the kidneys’ major functions is to filter your blood and remove toxins produced in the body.  One important substance that the kidneys filter out is sodium, an element that is found in salt.


When your diet includes more sodium than your kidneys can filter out, which occurs in people who have failing kidneys, your extracellular water levels will increase.  In some cases, this increased extracellular water shows visible swelling throughout the body and is a condition known as edema. Edema can cause additional strain on the body by contributing to weight gain, blood pressure, and other complications.


  • Unhealthy Fat Mass Levels (Obesity)


Obese individuals are characterized by having too much body fat, which among other things, leads to body water disruption due to excess ECW.  This is because excess visceral fat can trigger production hormones that can lead to the disruption of a bodily system called RAAS.  This excess ECW causes stress in the body due to its effects on the internal organs, which can exacerbate obesity and cause a dangerous cyclic effect.


How to find your total body water?

Since it’s so important to keep an eye on your water balance, you’ll need to know how to calculate total body water.. There are two major methods to measure and determine your body water levels.  These are the dilution method and the BIA method.


The dilution method involves drinking a known dose of heavy water (deuterium oxide) and allowing it to distribute around the body.  Once the water has had time to settle, the amount of heavy water is compared with the amount of normal water. The proportion will reflect the amount of total body water.  To determine ECW, sodium bromide is used instead of heavy water.


The dilution method is recognized as a gold standard for measuring total body water; however, these tests would need to be done at a hospital under the guidance of a trained physician.  This test takes several hours to complete during which any fluid of any type going in or out of the body has to be carefully recorded.


For these reasons, you’re unlikely to have this test performed unless your doctor needs to know your total body water with absolute certainty because of a serious health complication.


The second, more accessible method to determine body water content is bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).  For most people who do not have serious medical issues, this method is much more practical than the dilution method.


A small electrical current is applied to the body and the opposition that the current experiences (impedance), is measured.  From that impedance result, a BIA device can report your body water percentage. Advanced BIA devices are able to reflect the difference in Intracellular and Extracellular water as well, which can reveal the ICW: ECW balance.


The Health Benefits of Hydration 

Your body experiences a certain amount of fluid loss each day through perspiration and urine and bowel movements.


The daily recommended water intake is about 3.7 liters of fluids/day for men and 2.7 liters of fluids/day for women. Of course, this number will change depending on your activity level, diet, age, and body weight.


Increasing your water intake to your recommended level can improve your overall health, help your brain think more clearly, increase sleep quality, and even improve your mood.


Bringing Yourself Back Into Balance

Maintaining a balanced ratio of approximately 3:2 is ideal for optimal health.  If you find that this ratio is beginning to fall out of balance, there are some things you can do.  Fortunately, these tips aren’t anything you already haven’t heard before: maintaining a healthy diet, staying hydrated by drinking enough water, and exercising regularly.

Avoiding excess ECW is ideal.  From a dietary standpoint, one simple change that can work to reduce excess ECW is reducing the amount of sodium (salt) in your diet. Sodium is located primarily in your ECW, and when excess sodium is introduced into the body, the body’s natural response is to draw water out of your cells at the expense of your ICW.  Reducing your sodium intake has a number of positive health benefits, so this tip can be considered simply a best practice for optimal health in addition to being a tactic for reducing high ECW.


On the flip side, increasing your ICW can be achieved by increasing your Lean Body Mass/increasing muscle mass through exercising. As the muscle cells grow in size, they will require more water to maintain their function. Exercise has the additional benefit of combating obesity, and as fat mass is reduced, ECW increases due to obesity will decline over time.


Your ICW: ECW ratio can be a reflection of your overall body composition and lifestyle. Adopting healthy habits like regular exercise and eating right can help you achieve a better ratio.


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